Pathogen Variety
63 * ten 7 ± 2.72 * 10 nine ), with N. ceranae (1.58 * ten eight ± 3.56 * ten 8 ), BQCV (cuatro.84 * 10 6 ± step one.52 * ten 8 ), and you may DWV (8.forty * 10 5 ± step one.54 * ten seven ) (Dining table S3). An equivalent wealth fashion was registered inside for every single part and site (Dining table S3).
The highest abundance is actually used in Halictus scabiosae to possess DWV (ten * ten 8 ), from inside the Anthidium loti and Episyrphus balteatus to own KBV (ten * ten 5 ); in Halictus fulvipes, Andrena hattorfiana, and you will Osmia bicornis to datingmentor.org essayez ceci possess ABPV (ten * ten 6 ); within the Eucera eucnemidea to possess CBPV and you can SBV (10 * 10 10 and you can 10 * 10 seven , respectively); into the Bombus sylvarum for BQCV (ten * ten 9 ); into the Anthidium florentinum and you can Lasioglossum villosulum to possess AmFV (10 * ten 5 ); inside the H. fulvipes and you can Bombus terrestris for N. ceranae (ten * ten nine ); inside Bombus pascuorum and you will B. terrestris to have C. bombi (ten * ten 7 ); for the An effective. florentinum and you may Age. eucnemidea having S. apis (10 * ten 5 ); and in Halictus simplex and Andrena distinguenda to own S. melliferum (ten * ten six ) (Desk S1). One or two individuals (Chelostoma rapunculi and Lasioglossum malachurum) sampled in the July inside the ERMO have been self-confident getting L. passim (ten * 10 step three ) (Desk S1), if you are one or two somebody tested within the July, H. simplex and you will Halictus cochlearitarsis, correspondingly, off PIAI and you may ERES was basically found positive having An excellent. apis (ten * ten 5 ) (Desk S1).
For everyone pathogens except CBPV, L. passim, and you may S. apis, the server taxon, testing web site, and you can week had been high predictors regarding variety (Desk 5). Every about three issues listed above was notably correlated towards the wealth out-of DWV, BQCV, Letter. ceranae, and you can C. bombi.
Table 5 Significativity of testing site, taxon, and few days of the collection as the predictors off pathogen variety (Kruskal–Wallis study).
Seasonal Fashion
In March, a leading frequency of pathogens was imagined, mainly due to the brand new frequent thickness out of each other Letter. ceranae and DWV. After a high disappear, each other Letter. ceranae and you will DWV started again increasing, getting together with a peak from inside the September. Although not, the entire pathogen abundance peaked for the July, shortly after a steady boost in the earlier year (Profile step 3).
Contour step 3 Pathogen prevalence (top) and wealth (bottom) regarding testing year (March–October) into the insane variety (left) and you can Apis mellifera (right). Variety is actually shown as a quantitative logarithm.
Detailed post-hoc comparisons are stated during the Desk S4. Analytical variations in pathogen variety are given from inside the Data S1, S2. Briefly, within the February, a substantially high variety away from ABPV and N. ceranae is actually recognized, while the latest variety of S. melliferum is actually notably higher in-may. Together with, the variety out-of BQCV and you can C. bombi are rather large for the June, this new wealth regarding DWV and you will SBV is significantly highest from inside the FV try somewhat higher inside the September. No tall distinctions had been noticed to own KBV, CBPV, L. passim, S. apis, and A. apis (p > 0.05).
Virus Phylogenesis
This new viral sequences was learned in order to elucidate you can architectural spatial and/or temporary parallels. The sequenced viruses separated from the some other pollinator species belonged toward same strainsparing the positive somebody for each and every viral sequence contributed to perfect homology. Therefore, the subsequent analyses were held at level of the latest servers types as opposed to individually. All the widespread sequences was in fact just as the Western european trojan sequences for sale in GenBank.
All sequences owned by ABPV (n = 33) (Shape 4) and you may AmFV (letter = 14) (Shape 5) that were recognised within studies clustered in the a large solitary clade. The sequences failed to disagree among the many individuals server varieties and testing sites.
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